Wednesday, 12 February 2025

Introduction to Philosophy


What is Philosophy?

Philosophy is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its methods and assumptions.

Historically, many of the individual sciences, such as physics and psychology, formed part of philosophy.  However, they are considered separate academic disciplines in the modern sense of the term. [1]

What does the word "philosophy" mean? 

The word "philosophy" literally means "love of wisdom".  The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek words φίλος (philos) 'love' and σοφία (sophia) 'wisdom'. [1]

What are the branches of Philosophy?

Let's have a look at the following Wikipedia pages:


Outline of Philosophy

Some Questions for Discussion

  1. Why do people study and practise philosophy?
  2. Is philosophy or the pursuit of wisdom a good thing? 
  3. Is having wisdom sufficient for a person to be a good person?
  4. Is the pursuit of wisdom sufficient for a person to live a meaningful life?
  5. Can the study and the practice of philosophy help to improve the world?
  6. What is or are the aims of studying and practising philosophy?

Note:

1. Wikipedia: Philosophy page.

Monday, 3 February 2025

Record of 2024 Discussion Topics

Record of 2024 Discussion Topics

Year 2024

Term 1 started on Wednesday 7th February 12:30 - 1:30 PM in Meeting Room 5 at the Hub.

Term 1 discussion topics

ClassDatesDiscussion Topics
17/2/2024What is Philosophy?
214/2/2024What is Philosophy? Prof. Kaplan
321/2/2024What is Philosophy?  Karl Jaspers
428/2/2024What is Philosophy?  Karl Jaspers
56/3/2024Sources Philosophy, K Jaspers
613/3/2024The Comprehensive, K Jaspers
720/3/2024    Aristotle's Ethics (Helen to take class)
827/3/2024       
Peter Singer (Helen to take class)

Term 2 discussion topics

ClassDatesDiscussion Topics
117/4/24Critical Thinking
224/4/24Predicament of Existence
31/5/24Myth we need to survive - Yuval Noah Harari
48/5/24Myth we need to survive - Yuval Noah Harari (cont.)
515/5/24Critical Thinking (cont.)
622/5/24Critical Thinking and Schrödinger's Cat
729/5/24Schrödinger's Cat and Double Slit Experiment
85/6/24Schrödinger's Cat and Critical Thinking
912/6/24Critical Thinking
1019/6/24Smell the glove is here

Term 3 discussion topics

ClassDatesDiscussion Topics
117/7/24Socrates
224/7/24Socratic method
331/7/24Plato's dialogue - Euthyphro
47/8/24Plato's dialogue - Euthyphro
514/8/24Plato's dialogue - Euthyphro
621/8/24Euthyphro Dilemma
728/8/24Euthyphro Dilemma / Introduction to Ethics 
84/9/24Free will and determinism
911/9/24Free will and determinism / Normative Ethics - Consequentialism
1018/9/24Lunch and chat at Canteen 

Term 4 discussion topics

ClassDatesDiscussion Topics
19/10/24John Rawls - Helen took the class
216/10/24Isaiah Berlin - Two Concepts of Liberty
323/10/24Some questions on the two concepts of liberty
430/10/24Value Pluralism
56/11/24US election news / Value pluralism (cont.)
613/11/24TBD (US news / Some terminology of meta ethics / Liberalism?)
720/11/24Lunch at Blackburn Hotel

Sunday, 8 December 2024

The Problem of Evil

 

The Problem of Evil: Crash Course Philosophy #13

Introduction

The problem of evil is the philosophical question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God.  

The above video from Crash Course Philosophy gives an introduction to the problem of evil.  The following are some other videos that introduce the problem of evil:
  • Philosophy Vibe - The problem of evil (and the existence of God) 

Theodicies

The following videos present different defences or theodicies:

The arguments

The following videos present the arguments relating to the problem of evil.

Further readings

  1. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Logical Problem of Evil - https://iep.utm.edu/evil-log/
  2. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - The Problem of Evil - https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/
  3. Wikipedia - The problem of evil - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_evil
  4. Wikipedia - Theodicy - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodicy

Some Questions

  1. Free Will is one of the explanations for the problem of evil.  Is evil necessary for the existence of free will?  Can't one choose between different good options?  
  2. Christians believe there is no evil or suffering in heaven.  Since God allows people to have Free Will, Free Will must be good.  If Free Will is good, people would have Free Will in heaven.  Since it is possible to have Free Will in heaven where there is no evil and suffering, then evil and suffering and Free Will can co-exist.  Does that mean Free Will is not a good defence for the problem of evil?
  3. One explanation of the existence of evil and suffering on earth is that Adam and Eve disobeyed God and therefore God allows evil and suffering to exist on earth.  If the reason for evil and suffering is because God wishes to punish humans, then why are there so much evil and suffering?  The punishment does not seem to be proportional to the misdemeanour.
  4. One explanation of the existence of evil and suffering on earth is that they are caused by Satan, a fallen angel.  However, since God is omnipotent, why does God allow Satan to exist?
  5. A defence of the existence of evil and suffering is that humans are not able to understand God's reasons for allowing evil to exist.  It appears that God had created a universe with natural laws and God does not interfere with the day to day running of the world.  If that is the belief, is it still reasonable to believe in an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God who is in control of all things on earth?

Wednesday, 27 November 2024

Was it a miracle or was it cheating?

 
"Passage of the Jews through the Red Sea" by Ivan Aivazovsky  (1817–1900)

The Parting of the Red Sea in the Old Testament is considered a miracle by Christians.

It tells of the escape of the Israelites, led by Moses, from the pursuing Egyptians, as recounted in the Book of Exodus.  Moses holds out his staff and God parts the waters of the Yam Suph, which is traditionally presumed to be the Red Sea. With the water dispersed, the Israelites were able to walk on dry ground and cross the sea, followed by the Egyptian army. Once the Israelites have safely crossed, Moses drops his staff, closing the sea, and drowning the pursuing Egyptians.

Even in times of war, opposing sides abide by certain conventions.  For example, nowadays, warring countries generally do not use biological, chemical or nuclear weapons. 

If we interpret the Biblical story literally and consider it to be true, the Parting of the Red Sea as recorded in the Old Testament did not follow the rules of physics.  The laws of physics should apply to everyone.  The Israelites would have broken the rules of physics when they crossed the Red Sea.  The drowned Egyptians were entitled to cry foul, if their voice could be heard.  From an independent viewpoint the Israelites had cheated.  

Parents should be fair

When parents set rules for their children, the rules should apply equally to all the children.  If the parents allow one of their children to break the rules, the parents would be acting unfairly and the child who broke the rules would be cheating.

For Christianity, God created the laws of physics.  These laws should apply to everyone.  If God allows these rules to be broken for the benefit of some people, God would be acting unfairly and the people who benefited from the miracle would be cheating.  

Other miracles

The following are some examples of alternative views of Biblical miracles:

Jesus feeding 5,000 people with only five loaves of bread and two fish could be considered unfair from the viewpoint of villagers who sell fish and bread.  Had it not been for the interference of Jesus, the 5000 people would have to buy fish and bread from the villagers.

Jesus calming a storm on the Sea of Galilee when his disciples feared they would die could be considered to be rewarding bad seamanship.

Jesus turning water into wine is not fair to the winemakers. 

The falling of the walls of Jericho was really quite unfair to the Jerichoans at the time.  According to the Bible:

Following God's law, the Israelites killed every man and woman, the young and the old, as well as the oxen, sheep, and donkeys. Only Rahab (who would be considered a traitor to the Jerichoans), her parents, brothers and all "those who belonged to her" were spared. They were incorporated into Israel. Joshua then cursed anybody who rebuilt the foundations and gates, with the deaths of their firstborn and youngest child respectively. This was eventually fulfilled by Hiel the Bethelite under King Ahab's reign.

Learning from nature

We teach children not to cheat at school. They should abide by the rules of the school even when they are not doing well.  Instead of cheating, they should learn from their failures.

Shouldn’t believers apply that principle to their lives too?

Shouldn’t religious leaders ask their followers to try to understand and work within the rules of nature, and not to pray for miracles, even when they are not doing well?

Shouldn’t believers try to understand the rules of nature, particularly when they are not doing well, so they could learn from their failures? 

Wednesday, 23 October 2024

Moral Value Pluralism

 

What is Pluralism? - PHILO-notes
 

The following are articles from Wikipedia and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

* We will base our discussion on the article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy above. 

Related topics

Axiology, the study of value and valuation, is related to this topic.  The following articles in Wikipedia discuss axiology:

Some questions on Value Pluralism 

  1. Why do people have different values?
  2. Are there some core values that all people or all living things share?
  3. Are there right and wrong or better and worse values or value systems?
  4. If so, how does one decide which are the right or better values?
  5. When there are conflicting values, how should we make good decisions?

Wednesday, 2 October 2024

Isaiah Berlin - Two Concepts of Liberty


About Isaiah Berlin

Discovering Isaiah Berlin - Henry Hardy (Long Version) - Johnny Lyons

Please see more about Isaiah Berlin in the Isaiah Berlin page from Wikipedia.

Two Concepts of Liberty 

An Important idea of Isaiah Berlin is the "Two Concepts of Liberty". 


Positive and Negative Liberty (Isaiah Berlin - Two Concepts of Liberty)
Tom Richey

The above video and the following article provides an introduction to the two concepts of liberty.  
This program in Philosopher's Zone, Freedom or Liberty, gives another view of freedom and liberty.

Some Questions on the Two Concepts of Liberty

  1. Do people always need negative freedom before they can enjoy positive freedom, for example, gun ownership (a question from Joe)? 
  2. Are positive and negative freedom often in conflict or in tension? How do they interact with each other? 
  3. Is negative freedom and positive freedom a continuum (a question from Dr Wei)?
  4. What could be some problems with negative freedom?

  5. What could be some problems with positive freedom?

  6. Why do some people favour negative freedom?  What are the values involved?

  7. Why do some people favour positive freedom? What are the values involved?

Some possible answers are here.

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